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OBM 2021 Problem 3

    Encontre todos os inteiros positivos kk para os quais existe um irracional α>1\alpha > 1 e um inteiro positivo NN tal que ⌊αn⌋\lfloor \alpha^n \rfloor é um quadrado perfeito menos kk para todo nn inteiro com n>Nn > N. Observação: ⌊x⌋\lfloor x \rfloor é o maior inteiro que é menor ou igual a xx.

    Official text Brazilian Mathematical Olympiad 2021 official paper, page 1. Quoted with source.

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