olymmath

ISL 2015 N6

    Let Z>0\mathbb{Z}_{>0} denote the set of positive integers. Consider a function f:Z>0→Z>0f: \mathbb{Z}_{>0} \rightarrow \mathbb{Z}_{>0}. For any m,n∈Z>0m, n \in \mathbb{Z}_{>0} we write fn(m)=f(f(…f⏟n(m)…))f^{n}(m)=\underbrace{f(f(\ldots f}_{n}(m) \ldots)). Suppose that ff has the following two properties: (i) If m,n∈Z>0m, n \in \mathbb{Z}_{>0}, then fn(m)−mn∈Z>0\frac{f^{n}(m)-m}{n} \in \mathbb{Z}_{>0}; (ii) The set Z>0\{f(n)∣n∈Z>0}\mathbb{Z}_{>0} \backslash\left\{f(n) \mid n \in \mathbb{Z}_{>0}\right\} is finite. Prove that the sequence f(1)−1,f(2)−2,f(3)−3,…f(1)-1, f(2)-2, f(3)-3, \ldots is periodic. (Singapore)

    Dataset text NuminaMath olympiads. Quoted with source.

    Official text: IMO 2015 Shortlist booklet, page 8.

    Solutions

    Official solution Solution 1 by the IMO Problem Selection Committee

    The terms of the source let olymmath link to this solution but not copy it. Read the solution (IMO official site).

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