IrMO 2015

In the triangle $ABC$ , the length of the altitude from $A$ to $BC$ is equal to $1$ . $D$ is the midpoint of $AC$ . What are the possible lengths of $BD$ ?

A regular polygon with $n \ge 3$ sides is given. Each vertex is coloured either red, green or blue, and no two adjacent vertices of the polygon are the same colour. There is at least one vertex of each colour. Prove that it is possible to draw certain diagonals of the polygon in such a way that they intersect only at the vertices of the polygon and they divide the polygon into triangles so that each such triangle has vertices of three different colours.

Find all positive integers $n$ for which both $837 + n$ and $837 - n$ are cubes of positive integers.

Two circles $C_1$ and $C_2$ , with centres at $D$ and $E$ respectively, touch at $B$ . The circle having $DE$ as diameter intersects the circle $C_1$ at $H$ and the circle $C_2$ at $K$ . The points $H$ and $K$ both lie on the same side of the line $DE$ . $HK$ extended in both directions meets the circle $C_1$ at $L$ and meets the circle $C_2$ at $M$ . Prove that (a) $|LH| = |KM|$ (b) the line through $B$ perpendicular to $DE$ bisects $HK$ .

Suppose $x,y$ are nonnegative real numbers such that $x + y \le 1$ . Prove that $8xy \le 5x(1 - x) + 5y(1 - y)$ and determine the cases of equality.

Let $n > 1$ be an integer and $\Omega=\{1,2,...,2n-1,2n\}$ the set of all positive integers that are not larger than $2n$ . A nonempty subset $S$ of $\Omega$ is called sum-free if, for all elements $x, y$ belonging to $S, x + y$ does not belong to $S$ . We allow $x = y$ in this condition. Prove that $\Omega$ has more than $2^n$ distinct sum-free subsets.

In triangle $\triangle ABC$ , the angle $\angle BAC$ is less than $90^o$ . The perpendiculars from $C$ on $AB$ and from $B$ on $AC$ intersect the circumcircle of $\triangle ABC$ again at $D$ and $E$ respectively. If $|DE| =|BC|$ , find the measure of the angle $\angle BAC$ .

Let $p(x)$ and $q(x)$ be non-constant polynomial functions with integer coeffcients. It is known that the polynomial $p(x)q(x) - 2015$ has at least $33$ different integer roots. Prove that neither $p(x)$ nor $q(x)$ can be a polynomial of degree less than three.

Prove that, for all pairs of nonnegative integers, $j,n$ , $$\sum_{K=0}^{n}k^j\binom n k \ge 2^{n-j} n^j$$