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HMMT 2023 C8

  • Combinatorics
  • Answer

A random permutation a=(a1,a2,…,a40)a=\left(a_{1}, a_{2}, \ldots, a_{40}\right) of (1,2,…,40)(1,2, \ldots, 40) is chosen, with all permutations being equally likely. William writes down a 20×2020 \times 20 grid of numbers bijb_{i j} such that bij=max⁡(ai,aj+20)b_{i j}=\max \left(a_{i}, a_{j+20}\right) for all 1≤i,j≤201 \leq i, j \leq 20, but then forgets the original permutation aa. Compute the probability that, given the values of bijb_{i j} alone, there are exactly 2 permutations aa consistent with the grid.

Dataset text NuminaMath olympiads. Quoted with source.

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\frac{10}{13}

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