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BG-MO 1990 Problem 3

    Let n=p1p2⋯psn=p_1p_2\cdots p_s , where p1,…,psp_1,\ldots,p_s are distinct odd prime numbers. (a) Prove that the expression Fn(x)=∏(xnpi1⋯pik−1)(−1)k,F_n(x)=\prod\left(x^{\frac n{p_{i_1}\cdots p_{i_k}}}-1\right)^{(-1)^k}, where the product goes over all subsets {pi1,…,pik}\{p_{i_1},\ldots,p_{i_k}\} or {p1,…,ps}\{p_1,\ldots,p_s\} (including itself and the empty set), can be written as a polynomial in xx with integer coefficients. (b) Prove that if pp is a prime divisor of Fn(2)F_n(2) , then either p∣np\mid n or n∣p−1n\mid p-1 .

    Dataset text AI-MO AoPS. Quoted with source.

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