APMO 2014

For a positive integer $m$ denote by $S(m)$ and $P(m)$ the sum and product, respectively, of the digits of $m$. Show that for each positive integer $n$, there exist positive integers $a_{1}, a_{2}, \ldots, a_{n}$ satisfying the following conditions:

$$S\left(a_{1}\right)<S\left(a_{2}\right)<\cdots<S\left(a_{n}\right) \text { and } S\left(a_{i}\right)=P\left(a_{i+1}\right) (i=1,2, \ldots, n)$$

(We let $\left.a_{n+1}=a_{1}.\right)$ (Problem Committee of the Japan Mathematical Olympiad Foundation)

Let $S=\{1,2, \ldots, 2014\}$. For each non-empty subset $T \subseteq S$, one of its members is chosen as its representative. Find the number of ways to assign representatives to all non-empty subsets of $S$ so that if a subset $D \subseteq S$ is a disjoint union of non-empty subsets $A, B, C \subseteq S$, then the representative of $D$ is also the representative of at least one of $A, B, C$. (Warut Suksompong, Thailand)

Find all positive integers $n$ such that for any integer $k$ there exists an integer $a$ for which $a^{3}+a-k$ is divisible by $n$. (Warut Suksompong, Thailand)

Let $n$ and $b$ be positive integers. We say $n$ is $b$-discerning if there exists a set consisting of $n$ different positive integers less than $b$ that has no two different subsets $U$ and $V$ such that the sum of all elements in $U$ equals the sum of all elements in $V$. (a) Prove that 8 is a 100 -discerning. (b) Prove that 9 is not 100-discerning. (Senior Problems Committee of the Australian Mathematical Olympiad Committee)

Circles $\omega$ and $\Omega$ meet at points $A$ and $B$. Let $M$ be the midpoint of the $\operatorname{arc} A B$ of circle $\omega$ ( $M$ lies inside $\Omega$ ). A chord $M P$ of circle $\omega$ intersects $\Omega$ at $Q(Q$ lies inside $\omega)$. Let $\ell_{P}$ be the tangent line to $\omega$ at $P$, and let $\ell_{Q}$ be the tangent line to $\Omega$ at $Q$. Prove that the circumcircle of the triangle formed by the lines $\ell_{P}, \ell_{Q}$, and $A B$ is tangent to $\Omega$. (Ilya Bogdanov, Russia and Medeubek Kungozhin, Kazakhstan)