US-TST 2015

Let $A B C$ be a scalene triangle with incenter $I$ whose incircle is tangent to $\overline{B C}$, $\overline{C A}, \overline{A B}$ at $D, E, F$, respectively. Denote by $M$ the midpoint of $\overline{B C}$ and let $P$ be a point in the interior of $\triangle A B C$ so that $M D=M P$ and $\angle P A B=\angle P A C$. Let $Q$ be a point on the incircle such that $\angle A Q D=90^{\circ}$. Prove that either $\angle P Q E=90^{\circ}$ or $\angle P Q F=90^{\circ}$.

Prove that for every positive integer $n$, there exists a set $S$ of $n$ positive integers such that for any two distinct $a, b \in S, a-b$ divides $a$ and $b$ but none of the other elements of $S$.

A physicist encounters 2015 atoms called usamons. Each usamon either has one electron or zero electrons, and the physicist can't tell the difference. The physicist's only tool is a diode. The physicist may connect the diode from any usamon $A$ to any other usamon $B$. (This connection is directed.) When she does so, if usamon $A$ has an electron and usamon $B$ does not, then the electron jumps from $A$ to $B$. In any other case, nothing happens. In addition, the physicist cannot tell whether an electron jumps during any given step. The physicist's goal is to isolate two usamons that she is $100 \%$ sure are currently in the same state. Is there any series of diode usage that makes this possible?

Let $f: \mathbb{Q} \rightarrow \mathbb{Q}$ be a function such that for any $x, y \in \mathbb{Q}$, the number $f(x+y)-$ $f(x)-f(y)$ is an integer. Decide whether there must exist a constant $c$ such that $f(x)-c x$ is an integer for every rational number $x$.

Fix a positive integer $n$. A tournament on $n$ vertices has all its edges colored by $\chi$ colors, so that any two directed edges $u \rightarrow v$ and $v \rightarrow w$ have different colors. Over all possible tournaments on $n$ vertices, determine the minimum possible value of $\chi$.

Let $A B C$ be a non-equilateral triangle and let $M_{a}, M_{b}, M_{c}$ be the midpoints of the sides $B C, C A, A B$, respectively. Let $S$ be a point lying on the Euler line. Denote by $X, Y, Z$ the second intersections of $M_{a} S, M_{b} S, M_{c} S$ with the nine-point circle. Prove that $A X, B Y, C Z$ are concurrent.