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Putnam 2022 B5

  • Session B

For 0≤p≤1/20 \leq p \leq 1/2, let X1,X2,…X_1, X_2, \dots be independent random variables such that Xi={1with probability p,−1with probability p,0with probability 1−2p,X_i = \begin{cases} 1 & \text{with probability $p$,} \\ -1 & \text{with probability $p$,} \\ 0 & \text{with probability $1-2p$,} \end{cases} for all i≥1i \geq 1. Given a positive integer nn and integers b,a1,…,anb, a_1, \dots, a_n, let P(b,a1,…,an)P(b, a_1, \dots, a_n) denote the probability that a1X1+⋯+anXn=ba_1 X_1 + \cdots + a_n X_n = b. For which values of pp is it the case that P(0,a1,…,an)≥P(b,a1,…,an)P(0, a_1, \dots, a_n) \geq P(b, a_1, \dots, a_n) for all positive integers nn and all integers b,a1,…,anb, a_1, \dots, a_n?

Curated text Kedlaya Putnam archive. Quoted with source.

Solutions

Human solution Solution 1 by Manjul Bhargava, Kiran Kedlaya and Lenny Ng

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